quarta-feira, 14 de junho de 2023
IBERIAN PENINSULA before Romans (simplified chronology)
Simplified chronology (made by me) of the Peninsula before the Romans:
1. Indigenous people of Paleolithic origin... recent studies indicate mixtures between homo sapiens and neanthertal. At the mouth of the river Coa, you can find the largest remains of rock carvings in the open air, dating from 30,000 BC. But there are many others, like the cave of Altamira, etc.
2. Emigrations to the North Sea begin with the melt after 10,000 BC.
3. Immigrations from the east Mediterranean brough agriculture, 7,000 BC.
4. Expansion of megaliths from the southwest of the peninsula. Almendres cromelech (95 menhirs) dates from 6,000 BC. A menhir in the Algarve dates back to 7
7,000 BC.
5. Copper and tin mining establishments linked to the Bronze Age empires of the eastern Mediterranean, probably from the state cities of Lebanon and Egypt empire.
6. Culture of dolmens, idols and shale plaques in Alentejo is somehow related with the Bell Beaker culture expansion from the Lisbon region to northern Europe, around 2600 BC.
7. Phoenicians establish colonies and warehouses in indigenous towns, such as Lisbon, around 1,000 BC..
8. People like the Tartessians in the south-west of the peninsula come from the Phoenicians, and the first forms of European writing appear (example: south-west writing). With them also enters by sea the technology of the iron. The capital of the Tartessians was Cadiz.
9. The Indo-European peoples (Celts) spread on horseback and with iron weapons in the peninsula around the 8th century BC.. From it resulted warriors like lusitanian, bronze tradition people riding horses wielding iron swords.
10. The Greeks established colonies in the southeast of the Iberian Peninsula around the 7th century BC. It is thought that the Iberians were the result of these colonies, just as the Tartessians were the result of the Phoenicians in the southwest of the peninsula. They also created their own script, the Iberian script.
11. In 229 BC. The Carthaginians, also descendants of the Phoenicians, founded the colony of Cartagena.
12. In 218 BC. The Roman military occupation begins. They easily settle in these territories with an urban structure and pre-classical state culture, with ancient Mediterranean influence, more recently Phoenician and Greek.
NOTE:
The Iberian Peninsula was called Iberia by the Greeks. Hispania was what the Romans called the Iberian Peninsula.
España (Spain) comes from Hispania.
There has always been a desire of the Iberian crowns to unify the Iberian states. This resulted in this name wich was given pretentiously when they reach the union of almost all iberian/hispanic states (Portugal remained independent) - España (Spain). They gave this name as if unification were a historic design and a historic right of the crown.
The 1812 constitution adopts the name As Españas for the new nation. The 1876 constitution adopted the name Spain for the first time.
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